The Effects of Performance Enhancing Drugs on Athletes

The Effects of Performance Enhancing Drugs on Athletes The risks of taking performance -enhancing drugs to improve an athletes’ performance outweighs the benefits. Along with the fact that all performance-enhancing drugs are illegal to use in sports, there are also serious side effects and addiction risks to the drugs. Athletes may choose from a variety of drugs and each may achieve different benefits. However, most of the time, athletes are uneducated in their decision to take the drugs, which can cause short term and long-term problems. Athletes may choose from many different types of performance enhancing drugs. Anabolic steroids are the most common performance-enhancing drug used by athletes. Anabolic steroids are†¦show more content†¦Taking diuretics and stimulants do not have as many serious side effects as steroids. However, there are still serious side effects involved with these drugs as well. Diuretic side effect risks are dehydration, muscle cramps, exhaustion, and dizziness (Monroe 5,6). Other serious side effects include heart arrhythmias and drop in blood pressure (Monroe 6). Stimulant side effect risks are dehydration, heat stroke, insomnia, tumors, weight loss, hallucinations, and convulsions (Mayo Clinic Staff). Using any type of performance-enhancing drugs in organized sports by an athlete is strictly prohibited. Therefore, athletes who take these drugs are doing so on their own and not in a clinical setting. Athletes get their information on what drugs to take from other users, not from doctors (Hoffman). They tend to take doses that are much higher than what a doctor would prescribe for a medical reason. Many use a â€Å"stacking dose† to achieve greater benefits and they are uneducated on what side effects may occur (â€Å"Steroids (Anabolic)†). Not only are anabolic steroids illegal for use in sports, they are illegal for anyone to have unless prescribed by a doctor for medical reasons. In 1991, Congress placed the anabolic steroid class of drugs into the Sche dule III of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA)(Drug Enforcement Administration). Just having possession of these types of drugs carry a minimum of one year in jail and a $1,000 fine (DrugShow MoreRelatedEssay about Consequences of Performance Enhancing Drugs1509 Words   |  7 PagesNegative Effects to Performance Enhancing Drugs At the age of 21 Rob Garibaldi committed suicide and it is believed to be from his consumption of performance enhancing drugs. As a young boy, Rob started to play little league, trying to match his favorite sport hero, and dreaming to make it to the baseball major leagues. Prior to high school, Rob was getting pushed by his coaches he had and scouts start to follow him to have him take supplements and more things that will help him gain weight compoundsRead MoreShould Athletes Be Stripped Of Their Titles And Medals For Using Sports Enhancing Drugs?1497 Words   |  6 PagesShould athletes be stripped of their titles and medals for using sports-enhancing drugs? Do sports-enhancing drugs actually improve the athlete’s natural abilities to the extent where their abilities are no longer natural? These are the controversial questions that stem from athletes involved with sports-enhancing drugs. Substances that improve the performance of an athlete are classified as an enhancing dr ug. Anabolic steroids, human growth hormones, and even diuretics are some commonly used sports-enhancingRead MoreWhy Performance Enhancement Drugs Use Essay1142 Words   |  5 PagesWhy are performance enhancement drugs use in professional sports? The use of steroids has been a major problem among sports and has caused lots of controversy. Although these professional sports organizations such as the NFL, NHL, NBA and several others have spent time and money investigating athletes for uses of performance enhancement drugs, nothing has been done to erase records or record breaking statistics. In order to cease steroid and other performance enhancement drug users from cheatingRead MoreAnabolic Steroid Use in Sports Summary1493 Words   |  6 Pagesfierce among athletes. Winning at all cost often includes using one of many performance enhancing drugs such as anabolic steroids. Many athletes use performance enhancing drugs, like steroids, to achieve higher goals and set higher record s than other drug-free successful athletes. Although athletes are performing at higher levels when using such drugs, what is the cost? Finally anabolic steroids should remain banned from sports because their use results in many harmful side effects; because theirRead MoreUse Of Performance Enhancing Drugs1338 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper Final Draft The Use of Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports According to NPR.com, the argument over the use of performance-enhancing drugs by professional athletes has been at the center of an international ethical debate for many years (Katz). Many people argue that these drugs should be allowed, while others argue that these drugs should be banned from professional sports. Professional sports athletes should avoid the use of performance-enhancing drugs so that the integrity of sportsRead MoreShould Peds Persist Illegal For Athletes?1220 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal for Athletes? Who could spare a day not doing any sort of sports? Throughout the years sports have been taking much place in people’s lives. Physical activity is an action which requires an individual’s efforts and own sweat. Of course, the efforts should ward off any drug involvement, especially in the sports field. Using performance enhancing drugs has extended and become a wide-spread phenomenon in many fields of sports. Using PEDs is one of the issues that athletes faced whetherRead MorePED in Sports Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pages PED in Sports Performance enhancing drugs have been a longstanding problem in sports. It not only deteriorates the honesty of the game, but also can have broader social affects that one may not even realize. The use of performance enhancing drugs is especially apparent in Major League Baseball. This problem can be traced back to the 1980’s when baseball was facing one of its first â€Å"dark periods†. During the 1980’s Major League Baseball was experiencing a home run drought. Home run totals wereRead MoreAthletes And Performance Enhancing Drugs1438 Words   |  6 PagesAthletes of all ages are always looking for that extra edge to excel in their sport. Living in a world filled with competition, this could be a challenge for certain athletes who want to progress and get to the next level. Many athletes have a strong desire for recognition and fame. Unfortunately, that makes some athletes who are determined to win at any cost, motivated to experiment with illegal substances e ven knowing the consequences. Being in sports that require significant strength and enduranceRead MoreDoping is not Dope in Athletics664 Words   |  3 PagesDoping is Not Dope Should athletes be able to use performing enhancement drugs. Many athletes are trying to get a competitive edge on their competition and some start by taking performing enhancement drugs, even though taking them could be devastating and detriment to them personally. Using performance enhancing drugs comes with many risks physically and emotionally. Performance enhancing drugs is as known as â€Å"doping†. There are many kinds of steroids such as anabolic steroids, humanRead MoreDoping And Performance Enhancing Drugs1262 Words   |  6 PagesAlex Rodriguez; all great athletes who have had their reputations tarnished by using performance enhancing drugs (sometimes shortened to PEDs). In his interview with Opera Winfrey, Armstrong stated that â€Å"I didn t view [doping] [as cheating]. I viewed it as a level playing field† (Lance). With this statement, Armstrong is declaring that many professional cyclists and other professional athletes engage in illegal doping in order to improve their performances. These drugs can be useful for their ability

Ethical Issues Regarding Prenatal Testing - 1498 Words

Ethical Issues Pertaining to Prenatal Testing Rebecca Arsenault University of Saint Joseph Ethical Issues Pertaining to Prenatal Testing The advances in medical and scientific research have impacted today’s society by constituting cures and treatments for illnesses and disabilities. A woman can now have her unborn child tested for diseases and disabilities before the child is born. This testing is called prenatal diagnosis and has become increasingly popular. Regretfully, selective abortion is exercised when the results confirm an abnormal fetus. From an ethical standpoint, prenatal diagnosis as a determining factor for abortion is immoral. Researchers have suggested that using selective abortion can create stigmas toward individuals†¦show more content†¦Emily Jackson (2000) states in her article that disease and disabilities, which used to be simple and unfortunate acts of nature, could be increasingly regarded as a matter of voluntary choice. Couples can now decide whether or not to keep a pregnancy with known abnormalities. The research of Martie Bell and Zolinda Stoneman (2000) on the reactions to prenatal testing, show the primary reason for utilizing abortion was the belief the child would negatively affect the quality of life of their family. Couples are making a life or death choice as to whether to be burdened with a child with a disability. The argument that the quality of life of an individual with disabilities is far less, is unjust. Any child has the right to live a full and happy life. Parents that once regarded selective abortion have changed their minds due to information and support. Ilse and Manfred Gotz (2006) discussed in their work the progress of science that may influence a couple to change their minds about selective abortion. Many couples have met adolescents and adults with the same disability as their unborn child’s. This provided evidence that these children live a fulfilling life with their disability, and gives hope to future parents. There are many children with disabilities that understand the significance of prenatal testing and that in ma ny families a choice of life or death is often discussed. One family in particular has a 14 year old daughter with cystic fibrosis

Factors Affecting dropout Review of Related Literature free essay sample

Improving students’ relationships with teachers has important, positive and long-lasting implications for students’ academic and social development. Solely improving students’ relationships with their teachers will not produce gains in achievement. However, those students who have close, positive and supportive relationships with their teachers will attain higher levels of achievement than those students with more conflictual relationships. If a student feels a personal connection to a teacher, experiences frequent communication with a teacher, and receives more guidance and praise than criticism from the teacher, then the student is likely to become more trustful of that teacher, show more engagement in the academic content presented, display better classroom behavior, and achieve at higher levels academically. Positive teacher-student relationships draw students into the process of learning and promote their desire to learn. (Kaufman, 2013). Teachers who foster positive relationships with their students create classroom environments more conducive to learning and meet students’ developmental, emotional and academic needs. Here are some concrete examples of closeness between a teacher and a student: 1) A seven-year-old girl who is experiencing divorce at home goes to her former first grade teacher in the mornings for a hug of encouragement, even though she is now in the second grade; 2) A fourth grade boy who is struggling in math shows comfort in admitting to his teacher that he needs help with multiplying and dividing fractions; 3) A middle school girl experiences bullying from other students and approaches her social studies teacher to discuss it because she trusts that the teacher will listen and help without making her feel socially inept (Kaufman, 2013). Higher student dropout rates have been associated with the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of teachers and other school staff toward students. Schools with higher dropout rates report that students perceive school staff as uncaring, not interested in students as individuals, and not helpful. For primarily, a teacher’s job is to nurture and guide a student to succeed similar to what a parental figure might do (Hardre and Reeve 2003:353). When a student is not engaged in class work because they feel like their teacher is not helping them they begin to get aggravated. If a student is upset then they will think negatively about how well they are doing in school and how well they will be able to do in the future. â€Å"Hence, much can be gained in both theory and practice by thinking about dropout as not only an achievement issue but also a motivational issue†(Hardre and Reeve 2003:354). Academic Performance Students with poor academic achievement (poor grades, history of course failure) and a history of retention (repeating one or more grades) are more likely to drop out. Students with low academic engagement (time on task, credit accrual) are also at higher risk for dropping out ( Lan, W. Lanthier, R. ,2003). Students, who have negative attitudes toward school, consider schoolwork irrelevant, do not like school, and do not feel they fit in. These are critical indicators for dropping out (Lan Lanthier, 2003). Foreign Literature Financial Resources The direct and indirect costs of schooling can exclude some children from school. One of the most important direct costs underlying the process of drop out is school fees where these are levied. Thus school fees were found to be a potent reason for drop out of 27 percent of boys and 30 percent of girls before matriculation in South Africa (Hunter and May, 2002). Many countries have now adopted fee free for the basic education cycle because of the effects on participation. Some have also introduced capitation systems to offset the loss in school income. But other charges and indirect costs continue to be an obstacle to enrolment of the poorest households (Lewin, 2008). Thus the costs of pens/pencils, copybooks, private coaching, transportation, and school uniform remain a relative economic burden for poor households (Ananga, 2011 forthcoming). Lack of money to buy essential school materials for children’s schooling is likely to cause lack of enrolment in the first place and potentially high dropout at a later stage (Kadzamira and Rose, 2003). This is the case in Kenya, where dropout rates among the children of economically vulnerable families have gone up due to lack of resources to pay for the costs of education for their children that are not covered by the fee free educational policy (Mukudi, 2004). The ‘cost-sharing’ policy of Kenya compelled parents to pay about 65 percent of school costs, which caused many poor children to drop out (Ackers, Migoli and Nzomo, 2001). The opportunity cost of schooling is the income forgone of the next best activity available for children who are in education. These activities relate to child labour or caring responsibilities both within and outside of the household (see Section 2. 2 above). The opportunity cost for children who are in schooling often increases as they get older, which increases the pressure on them to withdraw from school (Colclough, Rose and Tembon, 2000). In Bangalore, India, for example, if the wage earnings of parents are low children may be called to supplement household income either by working or by taking on other household responsibilities to free up other household members for work (Chugh, 2004). This is likely to increase the risk that children drop out from education Family Context In particular the relationship of the child with other members of the household and the child’s responsibilities may be important determinants of school dropout (Rose and Al-Samarrai, 2001; Khanam, 2008). In many poor countries children combine school with work (at home or away from home) in order to satisfy household needs (Admassie, 2003). Classroom setting and academic performance Students in well-ventilated classrooms perform significantly better on standardized tests than their peers who receive inadequate fresh air, according to newly published research conducted by The University of Tulsa’s Indoor Air Program. â€Å"Far too many schools fall short of providing a healthy learning environment for children. By doing something as simple as introducing more fresh air into the classroom, schools potentially could help every student perform at a higher level,† said Richard Shaughnessy, program director of Indoor Air Quality Research at TU and a research associate in the Department of Chemical Engineering. The study suggests that increasing classroom ventilation rates toward recommended guidelines translates into improved academic achievement. Reaching the recommended guidelines and pursuing better understanding of the underlying relationships would support sustainable and productive school environments for students and personnel. Eric Hanushek, an economist at the University of Rochester, has published numerous articles in which he finds that few â€Å"school inputs†Ã¢â‚¬â€student-teacher ratios, spending per student, teacher education, teacher experience, and teacher pay—ultimately have an effect on student performance as measured by test scores. His conclusions are reached after a statistical analysis of data from numerous studies by various researchers, and is well-respected due to the breadth of his coverage. However, it is important to note that Hanushek does not believe that school inputs never produce an effect in the classroom, just that there is no reason to expect consistent improved student performance by tweaking school inputs. This conclusion, of course, has been disputed by other researchers. David Card and Alan Krueger sought to qualify Hanushek’s conclusions, accepting the broad premise (â€Å"class size reduction does not independently work to increase student achievement across the board†) but refuting its application to all cases. Card and Krueger maintain that there are significant advantages to be realized by maintaining small (

Systems Development Lifecycle Essays - Business, Economy

Systems Development Lifecycle SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE SYSTEM INVESTIGATION Problem Statement XYZ Ceramic Supply is a growing company in the arts and craft supply industry, which consist of three stores located in Northern California. XYZ Ceramic Supply is a small company with a limited budget, and is growing fast, they are eager to rectify their existing problems through the use of automation. Problem with Existing System ? Currently all reports, purchases, accounts receivable, accounts payable and payroll functions are done manually, leaving a large margin for error. ? Problem track incoming parts. ? Accounts receivable and accounts payable department are having a very difficult time keeping accurate records manually and expeditiously. ? Due to existing system, the company has no idea what it's existing inventory is composed of at each of its three locations. System Feasibility ? Technical feasibility ? Installing a network system in all locations make tracking inventory possible. ? Operational feasibility ? Project can be placed into operation since operation will be able to use it. ? Schedule feasibility ? Other companies using similar network have thrived. ? Economic feasibility ? In long run will lower costs. SYSTEM DESIGN A test database will be designed, which will include menus and screens. A demonstration and sample data will be provided to the XYZ Ceramic Supply staff, in order to ensure that all specifications have been met. After management and staff have closely analyzed and reviewed the demonstration and sample data, a signature of approval will be required by the company's designated representative. This phase will be frozen once the signature has been authorized and any changes after this stage can result in a substantial increase in the firm fixed price and may change the schedule of completion date. The new system will do the following: ? Determine location of all parts for all three stores. ? Maintain all payroll functions. ? Maintain all Accounts Payable Data. ? Maintain all Accounts Receivable Data. ? Maintain a list of all manufactures by name, part classification and part number. ? Keep a current status of purchase orders. ? Keep a current status of all inventories by part number. Logical And Physical Design The following will be installed at all three locations: Hardware to support network: NEC 9624 Pentium Plus as its client server o 400 MHz processor o 32 MB of RAM expandable to 128 o 19' Multi-sync XV15+ monitor o 8.0 gigabyte hard drive o NEC standard keyboard o Hewlett Packard Desk jet 820Cse printer o 12V Multi-spin CD-ROM reader o 56.6/14.4 KBPS Voice/Data/Fax modem (BOCA) o MPEG Full motion digital video o 512 Pipeline burst o 2 ISA, 2PCI 1PCI/ISA Expansion slots MONITOR o NEC 19' MULTI-SYNC XV15 o 1024 X 768: 256 Standard, 64K Standard, 16.8M WITH 2MB KEYBOARD o NEC Window 2000 104-Key Enhanced Keyboard with Function keys PRINTER o Hewlett Packard Desk Jet 820Cse Professional Series Software required for network: o Microsoft Windows 2000 o Access Database Management (for building the customized database) o Microsoft Netscape Navigator (Internet software) Estimated Cost: System: $9,565.00 (x 3) = $28,695.00 Technical Support: 1 yr: $2,500.00 (or) 2 yr: $3,500.00 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION Acceptance Plan Test (APT) The APT will require a signature from the company's designated representative, which will approve all the above phases (Definition, Analysis, Design). Once all modules have been completed for integration and testing, there will be a final system review. If all phases are accepted, a signature from the company's designated representative will be required for approval. After reading and analyzing the project information sheet, ABC Software Solution recommends the following Using the Access Database Management System to build the database (see Overview), all three stores will be linked via the Internet. The database will be backup ever fifteen minutes. Each store will have a dedicated T1 telephone line connected to the client/server. The software Access Database Management package will be used to allow for real time processing, which will automatically update the database. All payroll functions, will be done at the headquarters store in Manchester include processing reports. Account payable and account receivable transactions will be prepared at the headquarters. Each store will have its own personal computer, which will serve as a client/server and workstation, along with two hand held scanners connected to the personal computer and the workstation. The hand held scanners will be used to scan in inventory at each store, and all purchase and return transaction will be scanned into the computer. Setting up and using a web page via the Internet, so that prospective customers can place orders 24 hours